Quick
A property is an observable, measurable, macroscopic quantity.
A mechanical property describes how a material responds to an applied force (e.g. strength, ductility).
A physical property depends on both structure and processing of a material (e.g. electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal, elastic, and chemical behavior). A physical property does not involve substances changing into other substances.
An extensive property is a property that depends on the mass of the system, or the quantity of sample measured (e.g. length, mass, volume, kinetic energy, momentum).
An intensive property is a property that does not depend on the mass of the system; independent of sample size (e.g. density, pressure, temperature, velocity).
A thermodynamic property is a function only of the state of the system. Thermodynamic properties are point functions.
A chemical property is a property that involves substances changing into other substances.
Details
There are two sets of categories with which properties may fall: the first is mechanical and physical, the second is extensive and intensive. Properties are point functions and have exact differentials.
Mechanical and Physical Properties
Mechanical properties, which describe how a material responds to an applied force, include strength and ductility. It is often of interest, however, how a material behaves when it is exposed to a sudden and intense blow (impact), continually cycled through an alternating force (fatigue), exposed to high temperatures (creep), or subjected to abrasive conditions (wear). Mechanical properties also determine the ease with which a material can be deformed into a useful shape. For example, a metal part formed by forging must have high ductility to deform to the proper shape. Small structural changes often have a profound effect on mechanical properties.
Physical properties, which include electrical, magnetic, optical, thermal, elastic, and chemical behavior, depend on both structure and processing of a material. Even tiny changes in structure cause profound changes in the electrical conductivity of many semiconducting materials; for example, high firing temperatures may greatly reduce the thermal insulation characteristics of ceramic brick.
Extensive and Intensive Properties
An extensive property is a property that depends on the mass of the system, or the quantity of sample measured. (If the mass changes, the property will also be affected.) ex: length, mass, volume, kinetic energy, momentum.
An intensive property is a property that does not depend on the mass of the system; independent of sample size. (If the mass changes, it will not affect the value of the property.) Intensive properties are often characteristic of substances. For this reason, they are frequently used for identifying substances, checking their purity, and deciding whether a substance is suitable for a given use. ex: density, pressure, temperature, velocity